California CodesCivil Code - CIVDivision 1 — PersonsPart 2 — Personal RightsSection 45a
A libel which is defamatory of the plaintiff without the necessity of explanatory matter, such as an inducement, innuendo or other extrinsic fact, is said to be a libel on its face. Defamatory language not libelous on its face is not actionable unless the plaintiff alleges and proves that he has suffered special damage as a proximate result thereof. Special damage is defined in Section 48a of this code.
Notes
Defines libel on its face as language that is defamatory without any need for explanatory matter such as an inducement, innuendo, or other extrinsic fact. Bars recovery for defamatory language that is not libelous on its face unless the plaintiff alleges and proves special damage as defined in Section 48a.
Use as reference
Lexinter.net | California Code, Civil Code - CIV § 45a | https://laws.lexinter.net/codes/california/civil-code/division-1/part-2/section-45a